The promotion of the construction of digital agricultural socialized services is an important part of accelerating the transformation of agricultural modernization. Based on the systematic identification of the relationship between digital village construction and agricultural socialized services, this paper uses a fixed-effect model to conduct an empirical test. The results show that, firstly, the construction of digital villages can promote the development of agricultural socialized services, improve the level of agricultural production, circulation and basic services, and the conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests. From the perspective of dimensions, the construction of digital villages has the strongest role in promoting the development of agricultural socialized circulation services, followed by production services, and finally basic services. Secondly, the construction of digital villages mainly achieves a significant promotion effect on agricultural socialized services by giving full play to the diffusion effect of technology. Thirdly, the role of digital village construction in promoting the development of agricultural socialized services has obvious spatial heterogeneity, and the effect is strong in the main grain-producing areas and inland areas. Therefore, it is suggested that the government should strengthen the top-level design of digital villages, improve the construction of digital infrastructure, form the scale effect of technological “reservoirs”, and develop the construction of digital villages according to local conditions, so as to promote the modernization and transformation of regional agriculture.