Aiming at exploring the impact of bilateral trade between major countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt and China on their economic growth, this paper makes an analysis on the current situation and potential of economic and trade development between China and the major countries along the Belt on the basis of the measurement of their trade intensity, HM index and trade complementarities. The study finds that the bilateral trade between countries along the Belt and China, whether import trade, export trade, or total trade, could induce the economic growth of all countries. Comparatively speaking, the induced effect on China’s exports is greater than that on imports from China. The per capita GDP gap between China and the countries along the Belt, the population size and the WTO organizational variables and the economic freedom are positively related to the economic development of the countries along the Belt, however, the economic and trade costs are negatively correlated with the economic growth of the countries along the Belt. The trade between China and the main countries along the “Silk Road Economic Belt” is highly dependent and complementary. The dependence of the major countries along the Belt on China’s export products is much higher than that of the Chinese market on the export products of the main countries.