In the new stage of development, to accelerate the realization of common prosperity, we need to pay attention to the equalization transfer payment and the adjustment of tax structure. Based on the comprehensive index of common prosperity measured by extreme entropy method, panel Tobit model, spatial lag model and threshold model are constructed to explore the multiple influences of the above factors on common prosperity from different perspectives of equalization transfer payment and tax structure. The results show that: From the baseline regression and spatial lag model, common prosperity has significant spatial spillover effect, and the direct and spatial promoting effect of equalization transfer payment on common prosperity has not been reflected. The direct and spatial effects of the tax structure dominated by direct tax and indirect tax are significantly positive, and the equalization transfer payment can adjust the direct and spatial spillover effects of the tax structure. From the point of view of threshold effect, reasonable equalization transfer payment can effectively promote common prosperity, and with the improvement of equalization transfer payment, the promoting effect is weakening. The dynamic spatial lag model shows that the direct and spatial spillover effects of common prosperity lag period are significantly positive. The above research conclusions have important implications for the Chinese government to optimize the fiscal and taxation system and promote common prosperity.