In the context of digital transformation, this paper deeply explores the influence mechanism of data literacy on deviant innovation behavior. Based on the JDR model, this paper discusses the mediating effect of innovation self-efficacy between data literacy and employees deviant innovation behavior, as well as the boundary influence of inclusive leadership. Based on the empirical research of 302 valid data samples collected in two stages, the results show that data literacy has a significant positive impact on employees deviant innovation behavior; Innovation self-efficacy plays a mediating role between data literacy and employees deviant innovation behavior. Inclusive leadership not only positively moderates the relationship between data literacy and innovation self-efficacy, but also positively moderates the indirect effect of data literacy on employees deviant innovation behavior through innovation self-efficacy.