The realization of rural revitalization strategy is an inevitable requirement for common prosperity. As an important starting point of rural revitalization, the construction of ecologically livable and beautiful countryside has practical significance to explore whether it can promote common prosperity. Based on the provincial panel data from 2011 to 2020, this study constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system of ecologically livable beautiful countryside and common prosperity, and deeply analyzes the influence of ecological livability on common prosperity and its internal mechanism. The study found that ecologically livable and beautiful countryside significantly promoted common prosperity. Mechanism analysis shows that ecological livability helps achieve common prosperity by optimizing industrial structure and improving green finance level. Heterogeneity analysis showed that in the central region, the effect of ecological livability on common prosperity was more obvious. Therefore, we should strengthen the construction of ecologically livable countryside, narrow the gap between urban and rural areas, and empower the strategic goal of achieving common prosperity.