Deepening capital market reform is a key engine for building a strong financial nation and an inevitable requirement for serving the development of new quality productive forces. Based on the requirements for high-quality development of the capital market during the 15th Five-Year Plan period, a comprehensive reform analysis framework is constructed, focusing on six major dimensions: the institutional end, asset end, investment end, financing end, regulatory end, and openness end. This framework aims to analyze the implementation pathways for comprehensive capital market reform during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. Institutional end: emphasize both incentives and constraints, adopt inclusive design to serve new-quality productive forces, and strengthen market bottom-line protection through rule-of-law construction. Asset end: focus on quality improvement and efficiency enhancement, cultivate a group of high-quality listed companies, and elevate corporate governance standards and the quality of mergers and acquisitions. Investment end: expand “patient capital”, build an ecosystem for “long-term capital and long-term investment”, and strengthen the protection of small and medium-sized investors. Financing end: smooth direct financing channels, improve the multi-tiered product system, and enhance the capabilities of intermediaries to continuously improve services for the real economy. Regulatory end: innovate regulatory approaches, strengthen coordination and technological empowerment, and establish a diversified governance system to achieve zero tolerance for illegal and non-compliant activities. Openness end: deepen institutional openness, coordinate the utilization of resources from both domestic and international markets, and fortify cross-border risk prevention barriers. The study concludes that comprehensive reform based on these six dimensions is a critical pathway for achieving a fundamental transformation in China’s capital market from “scale expansion” to “quality improvement and efficiency enhancement”. By deepening structural reform on the financial supply side and constructing a closed-loop architecture from internal to external——“regulation-assets, capital, and financing-openness-institution”——this approach can effectively alleviate market structural imbalances, enhance the inclusiveness and adaptability of capital market systems, and provide robust capital support and institutional safeguards for cultivating new drivers of economic growth and realizing Chinese modernization. Ultimately, it aims to establish a modern capital market system that is standardized, transparent, open, dynamic, and resilient.