To investigate the preparation of natural resources balance sheet is to accelerate the construction of ecological civilization in China, to promote the sustainable economic development as an important strategic task. The establishment of scientific and effective natural resource balance sheet is important for the government to enhance the level of natural resources management, give full play to the functions of the government, and define the ecological responsibility of various departments and leading cadres, and effectively protect the rights and interests of the owners of the government. But natural resources balance sheet of the current research is still in the exploratory stage, both on the theoretical basis or in the practical experience, it is badly needed in terms of related concept definition, measurement of methods and the preparation of the framework. Then based on the perspective of government, constituent elements of natural resources balance sheet are systematically analyzed, and finally efforts are made in the in depth study of the basic issues of property right of natural resources, accounting methods and model of measurement, and draws up the basic framework of preparation, and the preparation work of the government, and the future development in this area.